Sindarin
Sindarin is an artificial language developed by J. R. R. Tolkien. In Tolkien's mythos, it was the most spoken Elvish language ever. It was the language of the Sindar, those Teleri which had been left behind on the Great March of the Elves. When the Noldor came back to Middle-earth, they adopted the Sindarin language, although they believed their native Quenya more beautiful. Before the downfall, most of the Men of Númenor also spoke the language. Knowledge of it was kept in the Númenorean realm in exile Gondor, especially amongst the learned.
While originally in his conception the language spoken by the Noldor (second clan of Elves, hence the name Noldorin in the Etymologies), Tolkien later decided it was the language of the Sindar. For this reason it is called Noldorin in the older material. Tolkien based the sound and some of the grammar of his Noldorin/Sindarin on Welsh, and indeed, Sindarin has many of the mutations that characterise the Celtic languages.
Sindarin plurals are characterised by "i-affection", as Tolkien called it. The Sindarin term for this is prestanneth (disturbance, affection) and the English term is "umlaut", a German word used to describe much the same process. What it all comes down to is this: Almost all Sindarin words form their plurals like English man/men and goose/geese -- by changing the vowels in the word. The reason for this was that the primitive plural ending "-î" affected the vowels in the word by making them closer to itself. Having done its dirty work, it disappeared (all final vowels were lost). So Sindarin plurals no longer have "i" at the end, but still have its "residue".
Sindarin has a complex series of mutations. These occur when a closely associated word (such as an article or a preposition) occurs before the mutated word, changing the mutated word's first consonant. Many times, the preposition also changes. Also, mutation occurs in many other places (to mention a few, in compounds (elvellyn, from mellyn, "friends") or in direct objects).
Sindarin verbs are also quite complex. There are strong and weak verbs, also called i-stems and a-stems respectively. Just like English (and German) strong and weak verbs, the strong ones are more "irregular" than the weak ones. Sindarin also has quite a large number of irregular verbs.
Sindarin is one of the two languages developed by Tolkien (the other being Quenya) that is developed enough that quite large texts can be written.
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Reference
- This article was originally written for Everything2.
